Dental cingulum: Literature review
Dental anthropology dental morphology dental cingulum non-metric dental traits dental morphogenesis
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In the anthropological context, dental cingulum is recognized as a enamel structure that surrounds of all teeth on the cervical third, and which has the function of protecting the periodontal tissues of the fragments of food during mastication, dissipate the vertical forces during occlusion and provide a platform for the morphogenetic development of some dental morphological features. However, in the dental context, these functions of dental cingulum are misunderstood, primarily the development of morphological structures such as the dental tubercle, the interruption groove, the Carabelli trait, the parastyle and the protostylid. That is why this literature review aims to contrast the anthropological and odontological concepts, to the lack of understanding of the dental cingulum by the vast majority of oral health professionals.
Keywords: Dental Anthropology, dental morphology, dental cingulum, non-metric dental traits, dental morphogenesis.
Moreno, S., & Moreno, F. (2016). Dental cingulum: Literature review. Revista Estomatología, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.25100/re.v24i2.5801
1. Barreto JF. Sistema estomatognático y esquema corporal. Colombia Med. 1999; 30(4):173-80.
2. Moreno S, Moreno F. Importancia clínica de la antropología dental. Revista Estomatología. 2007; 15(2 Supl. 1): 42-53.
3. Starcke EN. The History of Articulators: A Critical History of Articulators Based on Geometric Theories of Mandibular Movement: Part I. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2002; 11(2):134-46.
4. Firmani M, Becerra N, Sotomayor C et al. Oclusión terapéutica. Desde las escuelas de oclusión a odontología basada en evidencia. Rev Clin Periodoncia Implantol Rehabil Oral. 2013; 6(2):90-5.
5. Rodríguez JV. Introducción a la antropología dental. Cuadernos de antropología. 1989; 19(1):1-41.
6. Scott GC, Turner II CG. The anthropology of mode rn human t e e th: dent al morphology and its variation in recent human populations. First edition. London: Cambridge University Press; 1997.
7. Scott GC, Turner II CG. Dental anthropology. Ann Rev Antrophol. 1998; 17(1):99-126.
8. Rodríguez JV. Dientes y diversidad humana: avances de la antropología dental. Primera edición. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2003.
9. Moreno S, Villavicencio J, Ortiz M et al. Restauraciones preventivas en resina como estrategia para control de la morfología dental. Acta Odontológica Venezolana 2007; 45(4):1-17.
10. Soto J, Moreno S, Moreno F. Antropología dental y periodoncia: Relación entre los rasgos morfológicos dentales y la enfermedad periodontal. Acta Odontológica Venezolana. 2010; 48(3):1-13.
11. Reynolds SH. The Vertebrate Skeleton. Second edition. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge; 1897.
12. Kermack DM, Kermack KA, Mussett F. The Welsh pantothere Kuehneotherium praecursoris. Zool J Linn Soc. 1968; 47(312):407-23.
13. Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxham BJ. Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology. Second edition. Mosby International: London; 2002.
14. Hillson S. Teeth. Manuals in Archaeology.Second edition. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge; 2005.
15. Cope ED. The origin of the specialized teeth of the carnivora. The American Naturalist. 1879; 13(3): 171-3.
16. Osborn HF. The evolution of mammalian molars to and from the tritubercular type. The American Naturalist. 1888; 22(264):1067-79.
17. Kraus BS. Morphologic relationships between enamel and dentine surfaces of lower first molar teeth. J Dent Res. 1952; 31(2):248-56.
18. Butler PM. Some functional aspects ofmolar evolution. Evolution. 1972; 26(3): 474-83.
19. Duque JF, Ortíz M, Salazar L, Mejía C. Mamíferos: Evolución y Nomenclatura Dental. Rev Estomat. 2009; 17(2):30-44.
20. Crompton AW, Jenkins FA. Molar occlusion in late Triassic mammals. Biol Rev. 1968; 43(4):427-58.
21. Butler PM. An alternative hypothesis on the origin of docodont molar teeth. J Vertebr Paleontol. 1997; 17(2):435-9.
22. Anderson PSL, Gill PP, Rayfield EJ. Modeling the effects of cingula structure on strain patterns and potential fracture in tooth enamel. Journal of Morphology. 2011; 272(1):50-65.
23. Wood CB, Rougier GW. Updating and recoding enamel microstructure in mesozoic mammals: In search of discrete characters for phylogenetic reconstruction. J Mammal Evol. 2005; 12(3):433-60.
24. Wood CB, Dumont ER, Crompton AW. New studies of enamel microstructure in mesozoic mammals: A review of enamel prisms as a mammalian synapomorphy. J Mammal Evol. 1999; 6(2):177-213.
25. Paglarelli L. The role of teeth in mammal history. Braz J Oral Sci 2003; 2(6): 249-57.
26. Butler PM. 1956. The ontogeny of molar pattern. Biol Rev. 31(1):30-70.
27. Thesleff I. Epithelial-mesenchymal signaling regulating tooth morphogenesis. J Cell Sci. 2003; 116(9):1647-8.
28. Jernvall J, Jung H-S. Genotype, phenotype, and developmental biology of molar tooth characters. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000; 43(Suppl 31):171-90.
29. Salazar-Ciudad I, Jernvall J. A gene network model accounting for development and evolution of mammalian teeth. PNAS. 2002; 99(12):8116-20.
30. Hattab FN, Yassin OM, Al-Nimri KS. Talon cusp-clinical significance and management: case reports. Quintessence Int. 1995; 26(2): 115-20.
31. Chun-Kei L, King N, Lo ECM, Cho SY. Talon cups in the primary dentition: literature review and report of three rare cases. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2006; 30(4): 299-305.
32. Rayrn RA, Muthu MS, Sivakumar N. Aberrant talon cusps: report of two cases. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2006; (Spec iss): 7-10.
33. Davis PJ, Brook AH. The presentation of talon cusp: diagnosis, clinical features, associations and posible aetiology. Br Dent J. 1986; 160(3): 84-8.
34. Heaton JL, Pickering TR. First records of talon cusps on baboon maxillary incisors argue for standardizing terminology and prompt a hypothesis of their formation. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2013; 296(12):1874- 80.
35. Hernández J, Villavicencio J, Arce E, Moreno F. Talón cuspídeo: reporte de cinco casos. Rev Fac Odontol Univ Antioq. 2010; 21(2):208-217.
36. Turner II CG, Nichol CR, Scott GR. Scoring procedures for key morphological traits of the permanent dentition: The Arizona State University dental anthropology system. In: Nelly MA, Larsen CS (Editors). Advances in dental anthropology. New York: Wiley- Liss; 1991. p. 13-31.
37. Sedano HO, Ocampo-Acosta F, Naranjo- Corona RI, Torres-Arellano ME. Multiple dens invaginatus, mulberry molar and conical teeth. Case report and genetic considerations. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009; 14(2):69-72.
38. Ngeow W, Chai W. Dens evaginatus on a wisdom tooth: A diagnostic dilemma.Case report. Aust Dent J. 1998; 43:328-30.
39. Glavina D, Škrinjarić T. Labial talon cusp on maxillary central incisors: a rare developmental dental anomaly. Coll Antropol 2005; 29(1): 227-31.
40. Weiss KM, Stock DW, Zhao Z. Dynamic interactions and the evolutionary genetics of dental patterning. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1998; 9(4):369-98.
41. Jernvall J. Linking development with generation of novelty in mammalian teeth. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2000; 97(6):241-5.
42. Jernvall J, Thesleff I. Reiterative signaling and patterning in mammalian tooth morphogenesis. Mech Dev. 2000 15;92(1):19-29.
43. Nirmala S, Challa R, Velpula L, Nuvvula S. Unusual occurrence of accessory central cusp in the maxillary second primary molar. Contemp Clin Dent. 2011; 2(2):127-30.
44. Kogon SL. The prevalence, location and conformation of palato-radicular grooves in maxillary incisors. J Periodontol. 1986; 57(4):231-4.
45. Kocsis G, Marcsik A. The frequency of two developmental anomalies in osteoarchaeological simples. DentalAnthropology. 1993; 7(3):11-14.
46. Matthews DC, Tabesh M. Detection of localized tooth-related factors that predispose to periodontal infections. Periodontology. 2000 2004; 34(1):136-150.
47. Nanci A. Ten Cate’s Oral Histology. Eighth edition. Elsevier: St. Louis; 2013.
48. Heaton JL, Pickering TR. First records of talon cusps on baboon maxillary incisors argue for standardizing terminology and prompt a hypothesis of their formation. Anat Rec. 2013; 296(12):1874-80.
49. Soares V, Consolaro A, Bruce RS. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the palato-gingival groove. J Endod 2000; 26(6):345-50.
50. Kraus BS. Carabelli’s anomaly of the maxillary molar teeth. Am J Human Genet.1951; 3(4):348-55. 51. Kolakowski D, Harris EF. Complex segregation analysis of Carabelli’s trait in a Melanesian population. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1980; 53(2):301-8.
52. Dietz V. A Common dental morphotropic factor, the Carabelli cusp. J Am Dent Ass. 1944; 31(1):784-9.
53. Schwartz GT, Thackeray JF, Reid C, van Reenan JF. Enamel thickness and the topography of the enamel-dentine junction in South African Plio-Pleistocene hominids with special reference to the Carabelli trait. Journal of Human Evolution. 1998; 35(4-5):523-42.
54. Reid C, van Reenen JF, Groeneveld HT. Tooth size and the Carabelli trait. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1991; 84(4):427-32.
55. Hunter JP, Guatelli-Steinberg D, Weston TC, Durner R, Betsinger TK. Model of Tooth Morphogenesis Predicts Carabelli Cusp Expression, Size, and Symmetry in Humans. PLoS ONE. 2010; 5(7):11844-52.
56. Moormann S, Guatelli-Steinberg D, Hunter J. Metamerism, morphogenesis, and the expression of Carabelli and other dental traits in humans. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2013; 150(3):400-8.
57. Kondo S, Townsend GC. Associations between Carabelli trait and cusp areas in human permanent maxillary first molars. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006; 129(2):196-203.
58. Harris EF. Carabelli’s trait and tooth size of human maxillary first molars. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2007; 132(2):238-46.
59. Nabeel S, Danish G, Hegde U, Mull P. Parastyle: Clinical Significance and Management of Two Cases. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology. 2012; 3(3):61-64.
60. Nagaveni NB, Umashankara KV, Poornima P, Subba Reddy VV. Paramolar tubercle (Parastyle) in primary molars of Davangere (India) children: A retrospective study. International Journal of Oral Health Sciences. 2014; 4(1): 18-22.
61. Philipose L, Mathew AL, Nair S, Varghese AK, Babu SS, George B, Omal PM. Parastyle in permanente maxillary 1st molar tooth: A rare entity. J Indian Aca Oral Med Radiol. 2013; 25(2):1-4.
62. Bolk L. Problems of human dentition. American Journal of Anatomy. 1916;19(1):91-148.
63. Dahlberg AA. The paramolar tubercle (Bolk). Am J Phys Anthrop. 1945; 3(1):97-103.
64. Kustaloglu OA. Paramolar structures of the upper dentition. J Dent Res. 1962; 41(1):75-83.
65. Desai VD, Gaurav I, Das S, Kumar MV. Paramolar complex - The microdental variations: Case series with review of literatura. Annals of Bioanthropology. 2014; 2(2):65-73.
66. Dahlberg A A . The evolutionary significance of the protostylid. Am J Phys Anthrop .1950; 8(1):15-25.
67. Hlusko LJ. Protostylid variation in Australopithecus. J Hum Evol. 2004; 46(5): 579-94.
68. Skinner MM, Wood BA, Boesch C, Olejniczak AJ, Rosas A, Smith TM, Hublin JJ. Dental trait expression at the enamel-dentine junction of lower molars in extant and fossil hominoids. J Hum Evol. 2008; 54(2):173-86.
69. Axelson G. Protostylid trait in deciduous and permanent dentition in Icelanders. The Icelandic Dent J. 2004; 22(1):11-7.
70. Thesleff I, Sharpe P. Signalling networks regulating dental development. Mech Dev. 1997; 67(2):111-23.
71. Awazawa Y, Hayashi K, Kiba H, Awazawa I, Tobari H. Patho-morphological study of the supplemental groove. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 1990; 32(3):145-56.
72. Gaspersic D. Morphology of the most common form of protostylid on human lower molars. J Anat. 1993; 182(3):429-31.
73. Gaspersic D. Morphometry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectral microanalysis of protostylid pits on human lower third molars. Anat Embryol. (Berl) 1996; 193(4):407-12.
74. Mayhall JT. Dental morphology: techniques and strategies. In Katzenberg MA. and Saunders SR (eds). Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. Wiley-Liss: New York; 2000.
75. Skinner MM, Wood BA, Hublin JJ. Protostylid expression at the enameldentine junction and enamel surface of mandibular molars of Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus. J Hum Evol. 2009; 56(1):76-85.
76. Rodríguez CD. Antropología dental en Colombia. Comienzos, estado actual y perspectivas de investigación. Antropo. 2003; 4(1):55-27.
77. Rodríguez CD. La antropología dental y su importancia en el estudio de los grupos humanos. Rev Fac Odont Univ Ant. 2005; 16 (1 y 2): 52-59. 78. Rodríguez JV. La antropología forense en la identificación humana. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá. 2004.
79. Turner RA, Harris EF. Maxillary Second Premolars with Paramolar Tubercles. Journal of Dental Anthropology. 2004; 17(3):75-78.
80. Rodríguez C, Moreno F. Paramolar tubercle in the left maxillary second premolar: A case report. Dental Anthropol. 2006; 19(3):65-9.
81. Rees JS. The role of cuspal flexure in the development of abfraction lesions: A finite element study. Eur J Oral Sci. 1998; 106:1028-32.
82. Rees JS, Hammadeh M. Undermining of enamel as a mechanism of abfraction lesion formation: A finite element study. Eur J Oral Sci. 2004; 112(4):347-52.
83. Qasim T, Ford C, Bush MB, Hu X, Malament KA, Lawn BR. Margin failures in brittle dome structures: Relevance to failure of dental crowns. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2007; 80(1):78-85.
84. Chai H, Lee JJ-W, Kwon J-Y, Lucas PW, Lawn BR. A simple model for enamel fracture from margin cracks. Acta Biomater. 2009; 5(5):1663-7.
85. Lucas PW, Constantino PJ, Wood BA, Lawn BR. Dental enamel as a dietary indicator in mammals. Bioessays. 2008; 30(4):374-85.
2. Moreno S, Moreno F. Importancia clínica de la antropología dental. Revista Estomatología. 2007; 15(2 Supl. 1): 42-53.
3. Starcke EN. The History of Articulators: A Critical History of Articulators Based on Geometric Theories of Mandibular Movement: Part I. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2002; 11(2):134-46.
4. Firmani M, Becerra N, Sotomayor C et al. Oclusión terapéutica. Desde las escuelas de oclusión a odontología basada en evidencia. Rev Clin Periodoncia Implantol Rehabil Oral. 2013; 6(2):90-5.
5. Rodríguez JV. Introducción a la antropología dental. Cuadernos de antropología. 1989; 19(1):1-41.
6. Scott GC, Turner II CG. The anthropology of mode rn human t e e th: dent al morphology and its variation in recent human populations. First edition. London: Cambridge University Press; 1997.
7. Scott GC, Turner II CG. Dental anthropology. Ann Rev Antrophol. 1998; 17(1):99-126.
8. Rodríguez JV. Dientes y diversidad humana: avances de la antropología dental. Primera edición. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2003.
9. Moreno S, Villavicencio J, Ortiz M et al. Restauraciones preventivas en resina como estrategia para control de la morfología dental. Acta Odontológica Venezolana 2007; 45(4):1-17.
10. Soto J, Moreno S, Moreno F. Antropología dental y periodoncia: Relación entre los rasgos morfológicos dentales y la enfermedad periodontal. Acta Odontológica Venezolana. 2010; 48(3):1-13.
11. Reynolds SH. The Vertebrate Skeleton. Second edition. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge; 1897.
12. Kermack DM, Kermack KA, Mussett F. The Welsh pantothere Kuehneotherium praecursoris. Zool J Linn Soc. 1968; 47(312):407-23.
13. Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxham BJ. Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology. Second edition. Mosby International: London; 2002.
14. Hillson S. Teeth. Manuals in Archaeology.Second edition. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge; 2005.
15. Cope ED. The origin of the specialized teeth of the carnivora. The American Naturalist. 1879; 13(3): 171-3.
16. Osborn HF. The evolution of mammalian molars to and from the tritubercular type. The American Naturalist. 1888; 22(264):1067-79.
17. Kraus BS. Morphologic relationships between enamel and dentine surfaces of lower first molar teeth. J Dent Res. 1952; 31(2):248-56.
18. Butler PM. Some functional aspects ofmolar evolution. Evolution. 1972; 26(3): 474-83.
19. Duque JF, Ortíz M, Salazar L, Mejía C. Mamíferos: Evolución y Nomenclatura Dental. Rev Estomat. 2009; 17(2):30-44.
20. Crompton AW, Jenkins FA. Molar occlusion in late Triassic mammals. Biol Rev. 1968; 43(4):427-58.
21. Butler PM. An alternative hypothesis on the origin of docodont molar teeth. J Vertebr Paleontol. 1997; 17(2):435-9.
22. Anderson PSL, Gill PP, Rayfield EJ. Modeling the effects of cingula structure on strain patterns and potential fracture in tooth enamel. Journal of Morphology. 2011; 272(1):50-65.
23. Wood CB, Rougier GW. Updating and recoding enamel microstructure in mesozoic mammals: In search of discrete characters for phylogenetic reconstruction. J Mammal Evol. 2005; 12(3):433-60.
24. Wood CB, Dumont ER, Crompton AW. New studies of enamel microstructure in mesozoic mammals: A review of enamel prisms as a mammalian synapomorphy. J Mammal Evol. 1999; 6(2):177-213.
25. Paglarelli L. The role of teeth in mammal history. Braz J Oral Sci 2003; 2(6): 249-57.
26. Butler PM. 1956. The ontogeny of molar pattern. Biol Rev. 31(1):30-70.
27. Thesleff I. Epithelial-mesenchymal signaling regulating tooth morphogenesis. J Cell Sci. 2003; 116(9):1647-8.
28. Jernvall J, Jung H-S. Genotype, phenotype, and developmental biology of molar tooth characters. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000; 43(Suppl 31):171-90.
29. Salazar-Ciudad I, Jernvall J. A gene network model accounting for development and evolution of mammalian teeth. PNAS. 2002; 99(12):8116-20.
30. Hattab FN, Yassin OM, Al-Nimri KS. Talon cusp-clinical significance and management: case reports. Quintessence Int. 1995; 26(2): 115-20.
31. Chun-Kei L, King N, Lo ECM, Cho SY. Talon cups in the primary dentition: literature review and report of three rare cases. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2006; 30(4): 299-305.
32. Rayrn RA, Muthu MS, Sivakumar N. Aberrant talon cusps: report of two cases. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2006; (Spec iss): 7-10.
33. Davis PJ, Brook AH. The presentation of talon cusp: diagnosis, clinical features, associations and posible aetiology. Br Dent J. 1986; 160(3): 84-8.
34. Heaton JL, Pickering TR. First records of talon cusps on baboon maxillary incisors argue for standardizing terminology and prompt a hypothesis of their formation. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2013; 296(12):1874- 80.
35. Hernández J, Villavicencio J, Arce E, Moreno F. Talón cuspídeo: reporte de cinco casos. Rev Fac Odontol Univ Antioq. 2010; 21(2):208-217.
36. Turner II CG, Nichol CR, Scott GR. Scoring procedures for key morphological traits of the permanent dentition: The Arizona State University dental anthropology system. In: Nelly MA, Larsen CS (Editors). Advances in dental anthropology. New York: Wiley- Liss; 1991. p. 13-31.
37. Sedano HO, Ocampo-Acosta F, Naranjo- Corona RI, Torres-Arellano ME. Multiple dens invaginatus, mulberry molar and conical teeth. Case report and genetic considerations. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009; 14(2):69-72.
38. Ngeow W, Chai W. Dens evaginatus on a wisdom tooth: A diagnostic dilemma.Case report. Aust Dent J. 1998; 43:328-30.
39. Glavina D, Škrinjarić T. Labial talon cusp on maxillary central incisors: a rare developmental dental anomaly. Coll Antropol 2005; 29(1): 227-31.
40. Weiss KM, Stock DW, Zhao Z. Dynamic interactions and the evolutionary genetics of dental patterning. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1998; 9(4):369-98.
41. Jernvall J. Linking development with generation of novelty in mammalian teeth. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2000; 97(6):241-5.
42. Jernvall J, Thesleff I. Reiterative signaling and patterning in mammalian tooth morphogenesis. Mech Dev. 2000 15;92(1):19-29.
43. Nirmala S, Challa R, Velpula L, Nuvvula S. Unusual occurrence of accessory central cusp in the maxillary second primary molar. Contemp Clin Dent. 2011; 2(2):127-30.
44. Kogon SL. The prevalence, location and conformation of palato-radicular grooves in maxillary incisors. J Periodontol. 1986; 57(4):231-4.
45. Kocsis G, Marcsik A. The frequency of two developmental anomalies in osteoarchaeological simples. DentalAnthropology. 1993; 7(3):11-14.
46. Matthews DC, Tabesh M. Detection of localized tooth-related factors that predispose to periodontal infections. Periodontology. 2000 2004; 34(1):136-150.
47. Nanci A. Ten Cate’s Oral Histology. Eighth edition. Elsevier: St. Louis; 2013.
48. Heaton JL, Pickering TR. First records of talon cusps on baboon maxillary incisors argue for standardizing terminology and prompt a hypothesis of their formation. Anat Rec. 2013; 296(12):1874-80.
49. Soares V, Consolaro A, Bruce RS. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the palato-gingival groove. J Endod 2000; 26(6):345-50.
50. Kraus BS. Carabelli’s anomaly of the maxillary molar teeth. Am J Human Genet.1951; 3(4):348-55. 51. Kolakowski D, Harris EF. Complex segregation analysis of Carabelli’s trait in a Melanesian population. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1980; 53(2):301-8.
52. Dietz V. A Common dental morphotropic factor, the Carabelli cusp. J Am Dent Ass. 1944; 31(1):784-9.
53. Schwartz GT, Thackeray JF, Reid C, van Reenan JF. Enamel thickness and the topography of the enamel-dentine junction in South African Plio-Pleistocene hominids with special reference to the Carabelli trait. Journal of Human Evolution. 1998; 35(4-5):523-42.
54. Reid C, van Reenen JF, Groeneveld HT. Tooth size and the Carabelli trait. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1991; 84(4):427-32.
55. Hunter JP, Guatelli-Steinberg D, Weston TC, Durner R, Betsinger TK. Model of Tooth Morphogenesis Predicts Carabelli Cusp Expression, Size, and Symmetry in Humans. PLoS ONE. 2010; 5(7):11844-52.
56. Moormann S, Guatelli-Steinberg D, Hunter J. Metamerism, morphogenesis, and the expression of Carabelli and other dental traits in humans. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2013; 150(3):400-8.
57. Kondo S, Townsend GC. Associations between Carabelli trait and cusp areas in human permanent maxillary first molars. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006; 129(2):196-203.
58. Harris EF. Carabelli’s trait and tooth size of human maxillary first molars. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2007; 132(2):238-46.
59. Nabeel S, Danish G, Hegde U, Mull P. Parastyle: Clinical Significance and Management of Two Cases. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology. 2012; 3(3):61-64.
60. Nagaveni NB, Umashankara KV, Poornima P, Subba Reddy VV. Paramolar tubercle (Parastyle) in primary molars of Davangere (India) children: A retrospective study. International Journal of Oral Health Sciences. 2014; 4(1): 18-22.
61. Philipose L, Mathew AL, Nair S, Varghese AK, Babu SS, George B, Omal PM. Parastyle in permanente maxillary 1st molar tooth: A rare entity. J Indian Aca Oral Med Radiol. 2013; 25(2):1-4.
62. Bolk L. Problems of human dentition. American Journal of Anatomy. 1916;19(1):91-148.
63. Dahlberg AA. The paramolar tubercle (Bolk). Am J Phys Anthrop. 1945; 3(1):97-103.
64. Kustaloglu OA. Paramolar structures of the upper dentition. J Dent Res. 1962; 41(1):75-83.
65. Desai VD, Gaurav I, Das S, Kumar MV. Paramolar complex - The microdental variations: Case series with review of literatura. Annals of Bioanthropology. 2014; 2(2):65-73.
66. Dahlberg A A . The evolutionary significance of the protostylid. Am J Phys Anthrop .1950; 8(1):15-25.
67. Hlusko LJ. Protostylid variation in Australopithecus. J Hum Evol. 2004; 46(5): 579-94.
68. Skinner MM, Wood BA, Boesch C, Olejniczak AJ, Rosas A, Smith TM, Hublin JJ. Dental trait expression at the enamel-dentine junction of lower molars in extant and fossil hominoids. J Hum Evol. 2008; 54(2):173-86.
69. Axelson G. Protostylid trait in deciduous and permanent dentition in Icelanders. The Icelandic Dent J. 2004; 22(1):11-7.
70. Thesleff I, Sharpe P. Signalling networks regulating dental development. Mech Dev. 1997; 67(2):111-23.
71. Awazawa Y, Hayashi K, Kiba H, Awazawa I, Tobari H. Patho-morphological study of the supplemental groove. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 1990; 32(3):145-56.
72. Gaspersic D. Morphology of the most common form of protostylid on human lower molars. J Anat. 1993; 182(3):429-31.
73. Gaspersic D. Morphometry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectral microanalysis of protostylid pits on human lower third molars. Anat Embryol. (Berl) 1996; 193(4):407-12.
74. Mayhall JT. Dental morphology: techniques and strategies. In Katzenberg MA. and Saunders SR (eds). Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. Wiley-Liss: New York; 2000.
75. Skinner MM, Wood BA, Hublin JJ. Protostylid expression at the enameldentine junction and enamel surface of mandibular molars of Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus. J Hum Evol. 2009; 56(1):76-85.
76. Rodríguez CD. Antropología dental en Colombia. Comienzos, estado actual y perspectivas de investigación. Antropo. 2003; 4(1):55-27.
77. Rodríguez CD. La antropología dental y su importancia en el estudio de los grupos humanos. Rev Fac Odont Univ Ant. 2005; 16 (1 y 2): 52-59. 78. Rodríguez JV. La antropología forense en la identificación humana. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá. 2004.
79. Turner RA, Harris EF. Maxillary Second Premolars with Paramolar Tubercles. Journal of Dental Anthropology. 2004; 17(3):75-78.
80. Rodríguez C, Moreno F. Paramolar tubercle in the left maxillary second premolar: A case report. Dental Anthropol. 2006; 19(3):65-9.
81. Rees JS. The role of cuspal flexure in the development of abfraction lesions: A finite element study. Eur J Oral Sci. 1998; 106:1028-32.
82. Rees JS, Hammadeh M. Undermining of enamel as a mechanism of abfraction lesion formation: A finite element study. Eur J Oral Sci. 2004; 112(4):347-52.
83. Qasim T, Ford C, Bush MB, Hu X, Malament KA, Lawn BR. Margin failures in brittle dome structures: Relevance to failure of dental crowns. J Biomed Mater Res B. 2007; 80(1):78-85.
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