Molar cusp pattern of human low molars. Literature review
Dental anthropology dental morphology molar cusp pattern low molars
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The molar cusp pattern corresponding to the shape as the main cusps of the lower molars converge toward the central fossa while being separated by transverse and center development grooves. Given the importance of this non-metric dental traits and the lack of it by most dentists, a review of the literature is presented to define and classify the cusp pattern, while stressing its importance in anthropological and forensic contexts.
Key words: Dental anthropology, dental morphology, molar cusp pattern, low molars.
Moreno, F., & Moreno, S. (2016). Molar cusp pattern of human low molars. Literature review. Revista Estomatología, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.25100/re.v24i2.5800
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2. Brand RW, Isselhard DE. Anatomía de las estructuras orofaciales. Sexta edición. Harcourt Brace: Madrid; 1999.
3. Rodríguez JV. Introducción a la antropología dental. Cuad Antropol. 1989; 19(1):1-41.
4. Hillson S. Dental anthropology. Cambridge University Press: Londres; 1996.
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6. Cope ED. The origin of the specialized teeth of the carnivora. The American Naturalist. 1879; 13(3): 171-3.
7. Osborn HF. The evolution of mammalian molars to and from the tritubercular type. The American Naturalist. 1888; 22(264): 1067-79.
8. Butler PM. Some functional aspects of molar evolution. Evolution. 1972; 26(3): 474-83.
9. Duque-Osorio J-F, Ortíz-Salazar M, Salzar-Monsalve L, Mejía-Pavony C-A. Mamíferos: Evolución y Nomenclatura Dental. Rev Estomat. 2009; 17(2):30-44.
10. Kraus BS. Morphologic relationships between enamel and dentine surfaces of lower first molar teeth. J Dent Res. 1952; 31(2):248-56.
11. Butler PM. The ontogeny of molar pattern. Biological Reviews. 1956; 31(1):30-69.
12. Thesleff I, Vaahtokari A, Partanen A-M. Regulation of organogenesis. Common molecular mechanisms regulating the development of teeth and other organs. Int J Dev Biol. 1995; 39(1):35-50.
13. Thesleff I, Sahlberg C. Growth factors as inductive signals regulating tooth morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 1996; 7(2):185-93.
14. Thesleff I, Sharpe P. Signalling networks regulating dental development. Mech Dev. 1997; 67(2):111-23.
15. Ash MM. Anatomía dental, fisiología y oclusión de Wheeler. Tercera Edición. Editorial Interamericana: México; 1994.
16. Kraus BS, Jordan RE, Abrams L. Anatomía dental y oclusión. Primera Edición. Editorial Interamericana: México; 1972.
17. Hellman M. Racial characters in human dentition part I. A racial distribution of the Dryopithecus pattern and its modifications in the lower molar teeth of man. Proc Am Phil Soc. 1928; 67(2):157-74.
18. Garn SM, Dahlberg AA, Lewis AB, Kerewsky RS. Groove pattern, cusp number, and tooth size. J Dent Res. 1966; 45(3):970.
19. Turner II CG, Nichol CR, Scott GR. Scoring procedures for key morphological traits of the permanent dentition: The Arizona State University dental anthropology system. In Nelly MA, Larsen CS (eds). Advances in dental anthropology. Wiley-Liss: New York; 1991.
20. Gregory WK, Hellman M. The crown patterns of fossils and recent human molar teeth and their meaning. Nat Hist. 1926; 26(1):300-9.
21. Devoto FC, Perrotto BM. Groove pattern and cusp number of mandibular molars from Tastilian Indians. J Dent Res. 1972; 51(1):205.
22. Gregory WK. Studies on the Evolution of the Primates. Bull Am Mus Nat Hit. 1916; 35(19):239-55
23. Jørgensen KD. The Dryopithecus pattern in recent Danes and Dutchmen. J Dent Res .1955; 34(2):195-208.
24. Goldstein MS. The cusps in the mandibular molar teeth of the Eskimo. Am J Phys Anthrop. 1931; 16(2):21535.
25. Loh HS. Mongoloid features of the permanent mandibular second molar in Singaporean Chinese. Aust Dent J. 1991; 36(6):442-4.
26. Mosharraf R, Ebadian B, Ali Z, Najme A, Niloofar S, Leila K. Occlusal morphology of mandibular second molars in Iranian adolescents. Indian J Dent Res. 2010; 21(1):16-9
27. Dahlberg AA. Relationship of tooth size to cusp number and groove conformation of occlusal surface patterns of lower molar teeth. J Dent Res. 1961; 40(1):34-8.
28. Rodríguez JV. Dientes y diversidad humana: avances de la antropología dental. Universidad Nacional de Colombia: Bogotá; 2003.
29. Hanihara T. Dental and cranial affinities among populations of East Asia and the Pacific. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1992; 88(2):163-82.
30. Turner II CG. Advances in the dental Search for native American origins. Acta Anthropogen. 1984; 8:23-78.
31. Zoubov AA. La antropología dental y la práctica forense. Maguaré. 1998; 13(1): 243-252
32. Irish JD. Characteristic high- and lowfrequency dental traits in sub-Saharan African populations. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1997; 102(4):455-67.
33. Edgar HJH. Microevolution of African American Dental Morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2007;132(4):535-44.
34. Rodríguez JV. La antropología forense en la identificación humana. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá. 2004.
2. Brand RW, Isselhard DE. Anatomía de las estructuras orofaciales. Sexta edición. Harcourt Brace: Madrid; 1999.
3. Rodríguez JV. Introducción a la antropología dental. Cuad Antropol. 1989; 19(1):1-41.
4. Hillson S. Dental anthropology. Cambridge University Press: Londres; 1996.
5. Scott GC, Turner II CG. The anthropology o f modern humanteeth :dentalmorphology and its variation in recent human populations. Cambridge University Press: Londres; 1997.
6. Cope ED. The origin of the specialized teeth of the carnivora. The American Naturalist. 1879; 13(3): 171-3.
7. Osborn HF. The evolution of mammalian molars to and from the tritubercular type. The American Naturalist. 1888; 22(264): 1067-79.
8. Butler PM. Some functional aspects of molar evolution. Evolution. 1972; 26(3): 474-83.
9. Duque-Osorio J-F, Ortíz-Salazar M, Salzar-Monsalve L, Mejía-Pavony C-A. Mamíferos: Evolución y Nomenclatura Dental. Rev Estomat. 2009; 17(2):30-44.
10. Kraus BS. Morphologic relationships between enamel and dentine surfaces of lower first molar teeth. J Dent Res. 1952; 31(2):248-56.
11. Butler PM. The ontogeny of molar pattern. Biological Reviews. 1956; 31(1):30-69.
12. Thesleff I, Vaahtokari A, Partanen A-M. Regulation of organogenesis. Common molecular mechanisms regulating the development of teeth and other organs. Int J Dev Biol. 1995; 39(1):35-50.
13. Thesleff I, Sahlberg C. Growth factors as inductive signals regulating tooth morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 1996; 7(2):185-93.
14. Thesleff I, Sharpe P. Signalling networks regulating dental development. Mech Dev. 1997; 67(2):111-23.
15. Ash MM. Anatomía dental, fisiología y oclusión de Wheeler. Tercera Edición. Editorial Interamericana: México; 1994.
16. Kraus BS, Jordan RE, Abrams L. Anatomía dental y oclusión. Primera Edición. Editorial Interamericana: México; 1972.
17. Hellman M. Racial characters in human dentition part I. A racial distribution of the Dryopithecus pattern and its modifications in the lower molar teeth of man. Proc Am Phil Soc. 1928; 67(2):157-74.
18. Garn SM, Dahlberg AA, Lewis AB, Kerewsky RS. Groove pattern, cusp number, and tooth size. J Dent Res. 1966; 45(3):970.
19. Turner II CG, Nichol CR, Scott GR. Scoring procedures for key morphological traits of the permanent dentition: The Arizona State University dental anthropology system. In Nelly MA, Larsen CS (eds). Advances in dental anthropology. Wiley-Liss: New York; 1991.
20. Gregory WK, Hellman M. The crown patterns of fossils and recent human molar teeth and their meaning. Nat Hist. 1926; 26(1):300-9.
21. Devoto FC, Perrotto BM. Groove pattern and cusp number of mandibular molars from Tastilian Indians. J Dent Res. 1972; 51(1):205.
22. Gregory WK. Studies on the Evolution of the Primates. Bull Am Mus Nat Hit. 1916; 35(19):239-55
23. Jørgensen KD. The Dryopithecus pattern in recent Danes and Dutchmen. J Dent Res .1955; 34(2):195-208.
24. Goldstein MS. The cusps in the mandibular molar teeth of the Eskimo. Am J Phys Anthrop. 1931; 16(2):21535.
25. Loh HS. Mongoloid features of the permanent mandibular second molar in Singaporean Chinese. Aust Dent J. 1991; 36(6):442-4.
26. Mosharraf R, Ebadian B, Ali Z, Najme A, Niloofar S, Leila K. Occlusal morphology of mandibular second molars in Iranian adolescents. Indian J Dent Res. 2010; 21(1):16-9
27. Dahlberg AA. Relationship of tooth size to cusp number and groove conformation of occlusal surface patterns of lower molar teeth. J Dent Res. 1961; 40(1):34-8.
28. Rodríguez JV. Dientes y diversidad humana: avances de la antropología dental. Universidad Nacional de Colombia: Bogotá; 2003.
29. Hanihara T. Dental and cranial affinities among populations of East Asia and the Pacific. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1992; 88(2):163-82.
30. Turner II CG. Advances in the dental Search for native American origins. Acta Anthropogen. 1984; 8:23-78.
31. Zoubov AA. La antropología dental y la práctica forense. Maguaré. 1998; 13(1): 243-252
32. Irish JD. Characteristic high- and lowfrequency dental traits in sub-Saharan African populations. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1997; 102(4):455-67.
33. Edgar HJH. Microevolution of African American Dental Morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2007;132(4):535-44.
34. Rodríguez JV. La antropología forense en la identificación humana. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá. 2004.
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